electric field

electric field Electric Charges And Fields Basic Properties of Electric ChargesThe complete electric charge on an item is equivalent to the mathematical total of all the electric charges circulated on the various pieces of the article The all out charge of a secluded framework stays steady with time. Every single perceptible charge are in every case some basic numerous of rudimentary charge, e (=  ± 1.6 Ââ€"10㠢âˆâ'19 C)Coulomb's Law à ¢Ã‚€Â‹Two point charges draw in or repulse each other with a power which is straightforwardly corresponding to the result of the extents of the charges and conversely relative to the square of the separation between them. à ¢Ã‚€Â‹F=Kq1q2r2,K=14à Ã‚€ÃŽÂ µ0=9Ââ€"109 Nm2C-2Principle of Superposition It depends on the property that the powers with which two charges draw in or repulse each other are not influenced by the nearness of a third (or increasingly) extra charge(s). The all out power on a given charge because of number of charges is eq uivalent to the vector entirety of the individual powers applied on the given charge by the various charges.Electric Field à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Ã¢â€¹ It is the space around a charge, wherein some other charge encounters an electrostatic force.Electric Field Intensity The electric field power at a point because of a source charge is characterized as the power experienced per unit positive test charge put by then without upsetting the source charge. Electric field because of a point charge at separation r from it is E= q4㠏â€ãžâ µ0r2 Electric field because of various charges is found by including the individual electric fields vectorial ly.Electric Field Lines An electric l ine of power is the way along which a unit positive charge would move, on the off chance that it is allowed to do as such. Properties of electric field l inesThey are consistent bends with no breaks They can't cross each...Electric field from a positive Q

Colonialism and the Caribbean essays

Expansionism and the Caribbean expositions Before one can suitably talk about the legitimacy of this case one should initially build up and fathom what was expansionism, what were the social, financial, political, and social models founded during and after imperialism. One should likewise have a comprehension of the historical backdrop of the Caribbean so as to properly build up and grasp why things are how it was, is, and will be. Expansionism, as indicated by the Cambridge Encyclopedia is a strategy whereby an assemblage of people from a parent nation moves to and settles in obtained or vanquished regions past the fringes of their nation. The state of pioneers builds up an organization that is subordinate to that of the motherland. A state or remote augmentation of a growing force is along these lines a political element set up in a removed, everlasting area, for reasons for settlement and abuse, by a gathering of white pilgrims from a motherland that sets up possession and power over the region, which is kept ward upon tha t homeland. Expansionism was a framework for vanquishing or in any case procuring and overseeing non-autonomous domains, for extricating their mineral assets, for example, gold and silver, and for misusing their farming and other crude materials, just as their work as economically as could be expected under the circumstances, to assist the solid, white European controls over the powerless, individuals of the Caribbean. Over all it was a framework for the social, financial, political and social over-rule of the vulnerable in the Caribbean settlements by the frontier power that were militarily and innovatively superior.Colonialism went connected at the hip with patriotism and mercantilism and together these spoke to a shut framework inside which the parent nation, especially Britain in the eastern Caribbean, was predominant, and the provinces like Barbados were kept in a condition of reliance. The states created the crude materials and farming ace... <!

Did ACT Takers Get a Fair Shake at Georgetown

Recent quotes by Georgetowns Dean of Undergraduate Admissions Charles Deacon about class of 2021 applications and acceptances unwittingly setoff a firestorm in counseling and testing circles. Deacon  seemed to say that Georgetown had intentionally or unintentionally favored new SAT takers over ACT takers because of the higher scores produced by the redesigned exam. He implied that many students had been led astray and should have stayed with the SAT. Nancy Griesemer wrote an interesting piece about the topic on her admissionintel.com blog. While some of the statements made by Deacon imply a misunderstanding of the new test, I’m inclined to see his opinions in the context of how many admission offices struggled with the new SAT  and the difficulties they face when reporting old and new SAT scores or when making comparisons to the ACT. University of Lake Wobegone If we believe admission office press releases, all colleges are above average. No dean ever complains of a falloff in quality. The â€Å"inflation of new SAT scores means that it is is going to be easy to put a good face on SAT averages this year. Virtually every college can claim its â€Å"highest scores ever.† Behind the scenes, there is more stomach churning among admission deans. When adjusted by the concordance, most colleges will see a decrease in SAT scores. To no one’s surprise, this is not how colleges appear to be reporting scores. The problem is that they are providing little clarity about what the scores mean. In some cases, it appears that colleges are simply reporting the 400-1600 scores of the new test (EBRW + Math) as if they were the 400-1600s of the old exam (Critical Reading + Math). This does not mean that the admission offices did the same thing when evaluating applicants. In fact, I think it unlikely that any college treated the raw scores interchangeably during the admission process. Deacon bragged about the 16 point improvement in SAT scores within the applicant pool. Dartmouth touts a record high average of 1495 (up 17 points). They have glossed over the fact that the SAT definitions have changed. What percentage of the scores were old SAT, what percentage were new SATs, and how were the two combined? In Dartmouth’s case, the 1495 is clearly being compared to the old SAT total of 1478 for the class of 2020. University of Virginia, which can usually be counted on for clarity on testing, has specifically said that the reported scores for the class of 2021 are for the new SAT, since they saw relatively few students with old SATs. The average new SAT score of accepted students is 1419. UVA’s accepted students for the class of 2020 had an average old SAT score of 1400. Students and parents need to be careful when comparing the scores of accepted students — used in the press releases that come out this time of year — with the guidebook or Common Data Set figures that are for enrolled students. The latter figures are always lower. For example, UVA enrolled students had a mean SAT score of 1346 (25th-75th percentile scores of 620-720 CR and 620-740 M). Defending the ACT The original article in The Hoya, Georgetowns student newspaper,  shows the danger of extemporizing on a topic adjacent to ones area of real expertise. Many counselors were rightly offended at the implication that they had provided bad advice when recommending students take the ACT. The offense was heightened by the fact that Deacon’s criticism seemed to reveal his own misunderstandings or his dependence on the historian’s fallacy (Monday morning quarterbacking). In keeping with sports metaphors, there may be a hint of best-defense-is-a-good-offense. If Georgetown was not able to properly sift ACT and SAT takers,  the fault should  not fall at the feet of counselors or students. If Georgetown’s average applicant only improved by 16 points on the new scale whereas overall scores went up 50-60 points, it impairs the citius, altius, fortius narrative. I dont believe Georgetown created an intentional SAT bias. At no point does Deacon say that Georgetown preferred the SAT over the ACT.   He also speculated — based on the scant evidence of an uptick in College applications — that maybe people are getting less worried about getting a job.† Those are the sorts of sound bites expected in a piece such as this — statements that would never be expected to pass academic muster in a different context and that we should not take too seriously. Distant Cousins, Not Twins It is difficult, however, to square his statements in the The Hoya with a proper understanding of the relationship between the old SAT and the new SAT. We’ve been pleading with anyone who would listen over the last 2 years not to think of the new SAT as just another SAT. Other than the 3 famous letters in the name and the 3 famous digits in the scores, the old SAT and new SAT are psychometrically distant cousins, at best. They are built with different structures, different item types, different scoring, different scaling (the new SAT was not normalized), and, most important, very different academic standards. It also seems odd to trust an organization with the total overhaul of the test, yet not trust it  when it  tells colleges how best to interpret scores. Working Without a Concordance A common misunderstanding is that a colleges rejection of â€Å"official† concordances means that they are treating old SAT and new SAT scores as identical. Colleges can still make reasonable decisions without a concordance — after all, they compare GPAs from thousands of high schools without such a tool. In some cases, colleges simply judge candidates versus similarly situated candidates. An â€Å"inflated† new SAT score doesnt matter as long as the student is being evaluated versus other new SAT scores. Georgetown had earlier said that, although it  would not be using the concordance, it  would view old and new SAT scores with context. With thousands of students applying with all manner of scores — and with thousands having multiple types of scores — most colleges can make fair comparisons with or  without a concordance. We’ve talked with other admission offices going through some of the same pains. Some used the concordances literall y. Some have looked at students in separate pools. Some have supplemented decisions with other figures such as percentile ranks (although those have their own flaws). This  One Has Higher Numbers Deacon seems to have a Nigel Tufnel problem in the interview. A lot of people are advised by their high school counselors maybe to take the ACT, which we don’t think is great advice, because the ACT was unchanged but the SAT came out higher, so that could have had an impact,† Deacon said. In other words, the new SAT is louder, because it goes to 11. When followed by other questionable conclusions, though, it tends to make me think that much of the brouhaha boils down to no more than sloppy speculations. Regarding the higher SAT scores (from the score inflation of the new test), the Hoya paraphrased and quoted Deacon. Deacon said this ended up making the applicant pool significantly more competitive. â€Å"Almost all of the increase was from people who are in the top 10 percent of their high school class. What you see going on there is that as you become more competitive, people begin to weed themselves out. People with lower scores say, ‘Why bother?’ If they are high, they say, ‘Maybe this is a school I should be applying for,’† Deacon said. If students have an inflated sense of their scores, most behavioral economists would state that more unqualified applicants would apply. ACTs Growing Importance at Georgetown Despite Deacon’s statements, I think we will see a familiar class makeup at Georgetown. Looking back over recent figures for Georgetown shows that the percentage of enrolled students who submitted ACT scores rose to an all-time high of 47% for the class of 2019 (up from 40% for the class of 2018). Since 78% also submitted SAT scores, we can say that approximately 22% submitted ACT scores only, about 56% submitted SAT only, and 25% submitted both. It is not as though Georgetown is uncomfortable using ACT scores. From the figures mentioned in the article, it sounds like the university will see another record for the class of 2021 — the number of students submitting ACT scores compared to SAT scores was split about evenly.† It will be interesting to see if the accepted or enrolled figures follow a similar split. We are seeing the same large swings in the percentage of ACT versus SAT takers at virtually every competitive college. The class of 2017 felt deeply ambivalent about taking an untried test that lacked the extensive history and preparation resources of the ACT. No one likes being a guinea pig — except, maybe, guinea pigs. ACT Scores Have Remained Consistent So far, I have not seen reports of colleges showing higher average ACT scores. If admission decisions were truly biased against ACT students, we would see more demanding scores required for admission. This is particularly true given the significant increase in applicants with ACT scores. If there were an â€Å"ACT quota† or an SAT bias, the highest ACT scores should have risen to the top. I think it unwise to draw any conclusions from a single article. I find it equally unwise to draw any universally applicable conclusions from Georgetown alone. Georgetown has always been the eccentric uncle of admission testing. The college that required the SAT II: Writing a decade ago refused to adopt Writing when it became part of the regular SAT. Despite the disappearance of the most popular Subject Test, the university  kept the required (â€Å"strongly recommended†) number of Subject Tests at three. So they threw away one-third of the testing that students did while having higher Subject Test expectations than any other college in the country. The Lingering Impact of the New SAT The problems created by the new SAT will not end with the class of 2017. Average scores for colleges will be an anomalous mix of old SAT, new SAT, and ACT scores. Unless colleges report figures consistently — such as in the Common Data Set — students may not be able to make fair comparisons based on SAT scores. Even with accurate reporting, we can’t make absolute conclusions. The exact mix of tests will not be repeated — if for no other reason than that the old SAT no longer exists. Students will have a harder than usual time of judging where their test scores stack up at a college. Will SAT scores for admits in the class of 2022 be even higher? Will ACT averages stay where they are? Will there be continued — mostly unnecessary hand-wringing in deciding between the SAT and ACT? My educated guesses are: yes, yes, and yes. We will be following the topic as more scores and information are released.

Banning Cell Phones in Schools Essay - 580 Words

The usage of cell phones is increasing dramatically in the world today, especially among the student body. The principal’s idea of banning cell phones from the school has to be one of the best ideas yet. Why does a student even need to use a cell phone during school? The usage of cell phones in a school or a business can only lead to disaster. Students could be texting friends the answers on tests, talking on the phone and not paying attention and miss an announcement, or they might talk or text and hurt another individual verbally or physically. Undoubtedly a student does not need a cell phone in school. Students often tell friends the answers on tests, if they have a cell phone in school with just one push of a button they can†¦show more content†¦Students are in school for their education, cell phones will distract them from their education. In addition, students could be talking on the phone and miss an important announcement. A student not paying attention du e to a cell phone call may miss an announcement about an activity they participate in being cancelled. They may possibly stay after school for the activity and miss their bus, which causes their parents to have to come pick them up, wasting their car’s gas, and time. A student could also miss an announcement about a class being in a separate room. The student may go tot the original classroom and then have to go to the office to get a pass and inquire where the class is. It will be a distraction to the teacher and the other students if the individual comes into the class behind schedule. Finally, a student could end up hurting another individual both verbally and physically. When a student is talking or texting another student gossip, the student that is the victim of the gossip will be hurt emotionally. The victim may quit school or commit suicide just because gossip was spread around about him or her. Bullying does go on without the use of a cell phone, but it is so much easier to send a text to everyone in the school to hurt the individual. A student may also hurt another student physically because they may be talking or texting and not paying attention. This student could run intoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Banning Cell Phones in School507 Words   |  3 PagesRecently, the principal of my school has banned the use of cell phones during school hours. I agree with this policy because students could use their cell phones to cheat on tests, quizzes, or any other independent work. Another reason that I agree with this policy is, the students won’t be paying attention to the teacher if they are texting somebody else. The final reason is, cell phones are a distraction to other students who are trying to learn. Cells phones can be a huge problem later in lifeRead MoreEssay on Banning Cell Phones in School505 Words   |  3 Pagesdevice. The principal at my school has also set policies on banning cell phones in school. Students should not be permitted to use cell phones in school. Using cell phones during school allows students to cheat. Students will be more distracted by cell phones and pay less attention to the teacher and to the lesson. Students have a higher chance of getting in trouble if they use cell phones in school rather than if they are not allowed to use digital devices in school. Many digital devices canRead MoreBanning Cell Phones in Schools Essay example571 Words   |  3 PagesCell phones shouldn’t be allowed in school I agree with the principal on the issue of cell phones being banned from school during school hours. I agree because during school one should be there to learn not to text or talk with their friends. Cell phones are distracting, disrespectful, and distracting in the school environment. Cell phones are distracting because they ring, beep, vibrate, or play a song, which will cause you to move or laugh. On the other hand, if it is your phone then youRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Campus999 Words   |  4 Pagesis in an emergency, no one wouldn’t go to look for a pay phone on a street in this era. Even if they looked for, it would be extremely hard to get one. Cell phone is the item which one person has at least one now. When I found myself in the middle school, I got my first cell phone, and it wasn’t that everyone has. In fact, none of my friend had one, therefore, there were no rules of cell phone use on the campus. At the time, the cell phone was only for the call. We weren’t able to play games or searchRead MoreBanning Personal Electronic Devices Is Not An Effective Way Of Stop Cyber Bullying997 Words   |  4 Pagesthe whopping 80% of all teens using cell phones regularly this is a huge number. Recently WMCI has thought of banning personal electronic devices (cell phones, personal laptops etc.,) to combat this issue in our own school, but this ban is not a potent fix. There are many ways to help students from being cyber bullied, but banning personal electronic devices is not an effective way of stopping cyber bullying because cyber bullying can happen outside school, banning personal devices can also have badRead MoreEssay On Personal Technology1246 Words   |  5 PagesIn the standard middle school to high school classroom, anyone can walk in a room and see the glare of cell phones sitting on desks, students looking down in their lap, or earbuds coming from every student’s ears. Is this use of personal technology in classrooms benefitting our students? Due to the rising use of technology in the classroom some may argue that the student’s own technology can bring educational benefits, while others only see them as a distraction in classrooms. Being a student fromRead MoreCell Phones are Higlhy Addictive1431 Words   |  6 Pagesbillion cell phone subscribers in the world. (â€Å"UN says world has 6 billion cell phone subscribers, 2.3 billion Internet users†). With a number this high one must ask whether or not cell phones are more beneficial than they are harmful. Everyone recognizes the benefits of cell phones, but how often does society acknowledge the harms that cell phones induce on the public. The simplicity of communication through the use of cell phones does not outweigh the distractions caused by cell phones, becauseRead MoreCell Phones Banned at School Essay823 Words   |  4 Pagesamong people of all ages, are cell phones. Such technology is great for many uses, but it is not always appropriate in certain settings. The principal at my school has adopted a new policy that bans the use of cell phones during school hours. I support my principal’s decision. Cell phones can be distractions in many ways to students during school. They can cause con flicts between fellow students and between students and teachers. Allowing cell phones during school hours also basically gives studentsRead MoreWhy Banning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mandatory Nationwide1039 Words   |  5 PagesWhy Banning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mandatory Nationwide Dimuthu perera AC1304661   SP180.0.3 Principles of Public Speaking   Assignment 6_06 8/26/13 â€Å"WHY BANNING THE USE OF CELL PHONES WHILE DRIVING SHOULD BE MANDATORY NATIONWIDE† TITLE: Why Banning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mandatory Nationwide? A. General Purpose: Persuade B. Specific Purpose: Persuade my audience that banning the use of cell phones while driving should be mandatoryRead MoreEssay on Cell Phone Use Should be Banned While Driving985 Words   |  4 PagesYour phone rings and you answer it. You start talking and get deeply involved in the conversation. Before you know it, you just ran a red light and get side swiped by a school bus. Your life is now upside down. Finally, you are able to pull yourself out of your new Escalade with no injury. However, a few of the students have been injured and one killed. Now you have to live with that for the rest of your life. This is a prime example of cell phone distraction. Therefore, all cell phone usage

Sick Eros Antonionis Films Display the Outdated Morals...

The older generation in America was taught to give everyone the benefit of the doubt, but the younger generation knows it does not work. How can they trust strangers after hearing about murders, rapes, kidnappings, shootings, robberies, and gangs? Yet their behavior is dictated by the benefit of the doubt when daters only think about leaving horrible or awkward dates, and ignore uneasy feelings about being alone with a stranger in an elevator. Filmmaker Michelangelo Antonioni has a broader claim. He argues morality, specifically in marriage, is outdated. Since man continues to use obsolete morals, however, he is unable to find happiness. Antonioni explores moralitys harmful role in marriages in his films: La Notte and Red Desert. He articulates his belief when he writes, †¦Eros is sick; man is uneasy, something is bothering him And whenever something bothers him, man reacts, but he reacts badly, only on erotic impulse, and he is unhappy (Antonioni 34). What moral then does Anto nioni argue destroys marriages? He does not directly state a specific moral, but I argue it is the structure of marriage and the societal hatred of divorce and infidelity. Marriage in ancient civilizations and until the twentieth century was an arraignment made between two families to gain a political and social benefits. One reason divorce and infidelity were prohibited was to ensure families could not lose those benefits. Instead of developing a different system to join two people together,

Franklin Delano Roosevelt free essay sample

Russell Freedman (born in 1929 in San Francisco) began his writing career as a reporter and editor for the San Francisco bureau of The Associated Press. This experience, he says, â€Å"taught him to need deadlines and to respect fact (Book),† He later on moved to New York City where he worked as a publicity writer for the network television. This job taught him the importance of capturing and holding the readers interest. Freedman is one of the greatest biographer and author of nearly 50 books for young people. In 1988 he received the John Newberry Medal for this book Lincoln: A Photobiography. He also received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal for his lifelong contribution contribution to children’s literature. He currently lives in New York City He received one of the 2007 National Humanities Medals. Other scholars who have viewed Russell Freedman’s work said that he is one of the greatest biographers ever. Some have said he is the greatest because of all the different types of works he published. His nonfiction books range in subject from the lives and behaviors of animals to people in history whose impact is still felt today. Scholar’s said that Freedman’s technique on the way he writes his books is very unique. He uses compelling photographs to illustrate his work. One scholar said that Freedman’s technique was to immerse himself in his topic, learning everything he can about the person or subject, and then to complete pain staking research in photography archives in order to find just the right pictures to illustrate his story. His Lincoln: A photobiography one of the greatest works he done. Roosevelt was a more difficult subject than Lincoln. Roosevelt’s most significant years spanned two historical Cataclysms (the Depression and WWII). The abundance of material available about Roosevelt presents a formidable challenge to any biographer. That’s why this book was a challenge to Freedman. Franklin D. Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, New York on January 30th, 1882, the son of James Roosevelt and Sara Delano Roosevelt. His parents and private tutors provided all of Franklin’s formative education. Franklin was born into a wealthy family that had it all because the Roosevelt estate occupied hundreds of acres of rolling farmland along the wooded bluffs of the Hudson, just South of the Village of Hyde Park, New York. Sara Delano Roosevelt once said,† His father and I always expected a great deal of Franklin†¦After all, he had many advantages that other boys did not have (pg. 7). † This points out that he was born into wealth so he would grow up rich. It says that he was an only child and that someday he would inherit Springwood. His family belonged to an exclusive and privileged class. The Roosevelt’s had a coat of arms and a Dutch Bible that recorded more than two centuries of family births, weddings and deaths. Returning to his parents, Sara Delano, Franklin’s mother, had grown up on a Hudson River estate not far from Hyde Park. She was twenty-six years old when she married James Roosevelt, a widower exactly twice her ago. When Franklin was born he was â€Å"a splendid large baby boy, he weighs 10lbs. without clothes (pg. 8),† his father noted in his diary. James Roosevelt was vice-president of several corporations, but he spent most of his time managing his property at Springwood, leading the life of a dignified country gentleman. Though he was old enough to be Franklin’s grandfather, he had a very close and enjoyable relationship with his son. James taught his son how to swim and skate, how to ride a horse and handle a boat. Sometime James would pass his limit, once while tobogganing with Franklin one winter, James Sprained his knee and Sara had to call the men to drag him up the hill. Now turning to his education as I mentioned earlier his parents and private tutors took care of his education in other words he has home school. His mother hired governess and tutors who taught him Latin, French and Germany along with history, geography, science and arithmetic. Every moment of his day was scheduled- up at seven, breakfast at eight, lessons with his governess from nine to noon. An hour for play, then lunch and more lessons until four. Franklin also had tennis lessons, piano lessons and dancing lessons. He also had a passion for photography and for sailing. We can say that when he was growing up he was a bright, self-confident boy, affectionate and outgoing, â€Å"as cheerful as a finch,† his governess said. At the age of fourteen Roosevelt attended Groton, a prestigious preparatory school in Massachusetts between the years (1896-1900). Then he went on to Harvard University where in only three years (1900-1903) he received a BA degree in history. Franklin next studied law at New York’s Columbia University. When he passed the bar examination in 1907 he left the school without a degree. That’s when he decided to marry Ana Eleanor Roosevelt, his fifth cousin once removed. They had 5 children all together one died so only four were left. Franklin had passed his bar exams in the spring of 1907. He went to work for a prominent Wall Street law firm, Carter, Ledyard and Milburn. He wanted to go on to politics; he wanted to follow in the footsteps of his cousin Teddy, who had risen from the New York State legislature to the White House. Franklin’s chance â€Å"came in 1910, when Democratic leaders from his own Dutchess County invited Franklin to run for the New York State Senate from the Twenty-Sixth District, an area that included Hyde Park. Like his father, Franklin was a registered Democrat. Yet the Twenty-sixth District was solidly Republican. Franklin was offered the nomination because he came from a prominent local family and was wealthy enough to finance his own campaign. But no one thought he could win (pg. 30). † So he was elected to the New York State Senate as a Democrat. He became the leader of a group of insurgent Democrats who prevented the Tammy candidate, William F. Sheehan, from being chosen for the U. S. Senate. † Roosevelt allied himself with Woodrow Wilson in election of 1912. Because of his efforts Woodrow Wilson appointed his Assistant Secretary of the Navy; he held that position from 1913 to 1920. In 1920 he ran as a Vice presidential nominee with James M. Cox who lost over whelmingly to Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge. The summer after Vacationing at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Roosevelt contracted â€Å"poliomyelitis† (infantile paralysis). After that he never regained the use of his legs. In 1927, â€Å"he formed the nonprofit Georgia Warm Springs Foundation (Pg. 61),† to help other polio victims. Polio victims, many of them children, came to the center from all over the world. Then in July 1932, Roosevelt was chosen by the Democratic Party as its presidential candidate to run against the Republican, Herbert C. Hoover. Although he had to face many obstacles due to his illness, but that didn’t stop him. In November of 1932, Roosevelt was overwhelmingly elected President. On the other side he entered the White House at the worst of times, the economic structure of the country severely damaged. It was the time of the Great Depression, where it would just get worse as the time passed. â€Å"Factories lay idle and farmers burned crops they could not sell. As much as a third of the nation’s work force was unemployed (pg. 87). † The nation was under fear and despair. His inaugural speech called on Americans to renew their faith in themselves and their system of government: â€Å"This is preeminently a time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink form honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So first of all let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself (pg. 88). † The most urgent task, he declared was to put people back to work. Roosevelt pledged immediate action to combat the depression: â€Å"This nation asks for action and action now†¦ I shall ask Congress for †¦. Broad executive power to wage a war against the emergency, as great as the power that would be given to me if we were in fact invaded by a foreign foe (pg. 8). † Like I said this was his first inaugural speech and it was to be broadcasted widely on the radio. The new president’s words delivered a message of courage and hope that Americans had been waiting to hear. Yet another issue that later on Roosevelt was going to face was the burst of World War 2. That was when Britain and France declared wa r on Germany. Roosevelt would try to keep America out of the war for as long as he could he encouraged America to remain neutral. All that America done was to provide its allies with goods and services. Then on December 7, 1941 the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked Pearl Harbor by naval air forces of the Empire of Japan. It only took thirty-three minutes for â€Å"Congress to declare that a State of War existed between the United Stated and Japan. As you can see Franklin was a great man, he experienced so many things throughout his life. We can say he one of the best presidents we have ever had. He died on April 12, 1945 at 3:35pm central war time after suffering a massive cerebral hemorrhage. The official announcement of his death listed his name as a war casualty. Army-Navy Dead: ROOSEVELT, Franklin D. , Commander-in-Chief, Wife, Mrs. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, the White House (pg. 170). † The book was a complete biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was once described by Frances Perkins as, â€Å"the most complicated human being I ever knew†. On the surface he seemed to be an easy talker with a quick smile whose chats helped him conn ect with the American Public. People felt they knew he knew them and they knew him. However, throughout the book, it made it clear that he wanted people to feel that way, he was really a private person, whose thoughts no one knew. Franklin Roosevelt could be warm and affectionate but he didn’t talk about personal matters or his deepest feelings, not even with those closest to him. His wife Eleanor felt there was a part of him that he didn’t permit anyone to see. She said, â€Å"He had no real confidants†. Roosevelt lived an extraordinary life and throughout the book the author presents a balanced. The book points out that he was loved by people but still had his fair share of critics. Some accused him of having one situation for every problem, big spending, and that he would bankrupt the country. The end of the book has an alphabetized index as well as an acknowledgement and picture credit. The book contained a lot of photos, taking the reader through a picture tour of his life. There was a part where the author complied a list of biographies about the President followed by a brief commentary about the specific focus of this book and others The Author’s objectives were to trace Franklin Roosevelt’s life from birth to death. He wanted to show not only by words but also pictures what his life was about. Freedman wanted this to be a great biography for all readers. There were universal lessons learned and showed throughout the book. For example, the book showed no matter how complicated or open people felt he was there were always others who thought the opposite. For example, on page 110, the book discusses how Jesse H. Jones was fired from his post as secretary of commerce, he told reporters that the president was a hypocrite lacking in character. But he added: â€Å"You just can’t help liking that fellow†. I enjoyed reading this book. The author did very good job writing about the life of such a complicated man. The book shows how he led us through a severe depression and a devastation world war so successfully. Students with little or no background in history will be able to read this book and hopefully find it inspiring. I also like the pictures that were throughout the book. Especially the ones toward the back that lead you through his life. I don’t feel anything was missing from the book. It was very well written. It explained his life and experience in detail. The pictures made the book great. In conclusion, I would recommend this book to others and I enjoyed reading it myself. Works Cited Freedman, Russell. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. New York: Clarion, 1990. Print.

Plea Bargains Essays - Legal Terms, Criminal Law, Plea Bargain, Plea

The Plea Bargaining System Your Name CJS/220 Date Your Name The plea bargain is a system used by in the vast majority of cases throughout the United States. Almost 90% of cases end in a plea bargain of some type. These types will be discussed later in this paper. Plea bargains have a big impact on our justice system, but some believe that this system does not help; in fact they believe that they are just allowing criminals to get back on the street. I believe it works. The basic idea for plea bargains is when the defendant waives their right to trial by pleading guilty to the crime he or she has been charged with, for a lesser charge or smaller punishment. In return the defendant usually gives a statement that proves his or her guilt. The purpose of this is to also keep from going through a trial, and taking up time for cases that cannot come to a plea bargain. An example of this would be if a defendant was charged with a theft charge that is serious enough to be classified as a felony, may give their testimony about everything that happened, and this will be seen as the defendant cooperating and they may give him a lesser charge of misdemeanor theft. In my reading I found two types of plea bargains, one is the charge plea bargain which pleading guilty for a lesser charge. The other bargain type is the sentence bargain, which is when the defendant pleads guilty to the charged crime but for a lesser sentence. The charge plea bargain will give the defendant the opportunity to avoid a felony, having a harsher charge on his or her record, as well as avoid a harsher sentence. It is the most common type of plea bargain. The sentence bargain allows the defendant to know in advance what his or her sentence will be if they cooperate. However this bargain is not usually used and if it is, they must be approved through the trial judge first. One positive part of both plea bargains is that it allows the courts to keep moving, to handle cases where the prosecution and defense cannot work on an agreement. One big positive about using both plea bargains is getting the defendant to confess to their crime. The prosecution basis is to find evidence of guilt and to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty, so to get a defendant to plead guilty through a plea bargain, will guarantee a conviction. Another positive is that the defense does not need to do much work, but usually still receives the same amount as they normally would. The defendant could benefit in a high profile case, if he or she receives a sentence bargain, because the media will not know that there was any type of deal because the charge will be the same but the sentence will actually be more lenient. One negative of the charge type of plea bargaining is that a defendant may choose to confess just to get a reduced charge, even if they are not guilty. They could do the same with the sentence type of plea bargain because they may feel as though if they do not plead guilty, and in the slight chance the jury is convinced through the prosecution that he or she is guilty, then he or she could get the maximum sentence. Another negative of using either plea bargains is that they are not final until the court agrees. The court must agree to all terms of the plea bargain before it will be allowed. Using plea bargains could affect the defense in a negative way, because once the defendant agrees to the plea he or she will not be able to appeal the decision later on. One argument that some would say about plea bargains is that it is just another way to let criminals especially violent ones off without sever consequences. Some will say that plea bargains serve to make punishments more sever then less severe, which I think we all know is not the case. Most criminals will accept a plea bargain only to benefit him or herself;

Personality And The Nature Vs Nurture Debate. essays

Personality And The Nature Vs Nurture Debate. essays Psychology is a scientific analysis of state of mind and behaviour. These studies have been taking place for over the last hundred years, the nature versus nurture debate is something that many psychologists have been unable to agree on for quite some time. A person in favour of the nature theory would believe that the genetic build up of someone is what determines his or her personality. A person in favour of the nurture theory would believe that the environment is what determines his or her personality. Skinner was a behaviourist and is probably best known for his writing on operant conditioning. He believed that most behaviour was a product of what he named ABC. This stands for Antecedents, behaviour, and Consequences. Antecedents are thought of as stimuli e.g. if someone is working in a factory and hears the sound of a bell they may leave their work area for their lunch, the bell is the stimuli (antecedents) to go for lunch. Behaviour is our actions, what we are doing. Working on the factory line or taking notes from the supervisor are both parts of behaviour linked to a day at work. Consequences are the outcome of the behaviour. Getting promoted at work, a pay rise, a good reference or even just a pat on the back from the boss are all consequences of good behaviour in the place of work. According to Skinner, we learn consequences of good behaviour by reinforcement. There are two kinds of reinforcement, positive and negative, e.g. if a child was at school and the teacher was to ask a question (stimuli) and the child was to answer (behaviour) the question correctly, then hopefully the teacher would praise (consequence) the child for doing so, this would be positive reinforcement and the child is likely to repeat this behaviour. However, if the child did not answer the question correctly and the teacher criticised the child for it, then this would be considered negative reinforcement and it would be un...

INCA EMPIRE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INCA EMPIRE - Essay Example This made Pizarro have a better and more experienced knowledge to draw and to set out from Panama in 1530 to conquer the Incans. This also made the Spanish victorious in the war (Christine, 2004). Seasoned conquistadors who joined the fight on the side of the Spaniards made Pizarro and his troops outwit the Incans. The seasoned conquistadors were Hernando De Soto, who had earlier explored Florida and his brother. This expedition conquered and recruited allies as they entered deeper in the Inca Empire. Spaniards introduced in the war while the Incas were already in war, and this was a great advantage to Pizarro and his expedition. It slowed communication among the Incas and made the Spaniards recruit more allies who conquered mercilessly towards the central government (Christine, 2004). The capture of Atahualpa Emperor was also a significant boost for the Spaniards in conquering the Incas as it increased confusion among the Incas, which reduced the response of the Incas as they attacked the Incan empire. The capture of the Emperor was because of the Spaniards using more advanced firearms, cannons and horses as compared to the Incas who used spears and slings that were of no match with the Spaniards weapons (Christine, 2004). Other disasters also affected the Incas and made them unable to fight effectively with the Spaniards. Some of the disasters were inferior technology and diseases as it was claimed that diseases alone killed 90% of the Incas. The Spaniards momentum and beliefs made them conquer the Incas, as they believed it was their mandate to dismantle and change the Incas and anyone they came across to Christianity (Christine, 2004). The approach of Pizarro and his allies to the Incan emperor was a surprise, and that made them attach the Incas fast before the Incas could realize and attack back. Sending Indians first to sweep

Social Media Users in Finland and Poland Assignment

Social Media Users in Finland and Poland - Assignment Example In July 2012, during the 16 International Christian Internet Congress staged in Munich, the attending church representatives unanimously agreed there was need for Christian organizations to boost their internet connective and interaction through social media. The outcome of the Munich conference was later discussed by Christian leaders in Finland in their annual meeting. Although only 35% of Finnish Christians use Facebook and other social sites, churches had lost more forty thousand faithful in less than four months. This served as an indication of how important social media are in wooing loyalist including fundamentalist. Churches therefore saw the need to retain their flocks by going socially online. It is from then that religious institutions adjusted their marketing strategy. Churches went ahead to appoint a team of delegates to investigate the role of social media in the modern society and also respond onslaught of social media criticisms. Instead, churches in Finland and the r est of Europe proposed new ways of positively using social media to preach the gospel and win new converts. Churches therefore launched an interactive social websites where their followers can post comments, videos, blogs, and pictures which would encourage other website followers. However, because of increasing cases of hacking, churches were forced to deploy experts and administrators to manage and integrate their sites (Scott, & Scott, 2011, p.63-4). The increasing use of online and digital communication technologies.... From political, corporate, to religious, all the organizations currently embrace social networks or media. Churches across Finland and Poland were surveyed on their how active to they use social media as a marketing base. The result polled by Buzzplant marketing agency revealed that these institutions often used social media to popularize themselves. Even millennium old institutions were found to have joined social network train. The survey covered about 250 churches in Finland on their position towards social media. Surprisingly, the finding of the survey established that religious institutions strongly believed on the effectiveness of social media form of outreach (Scott, 2010, p.89). Over forty six percent of the respondents indicated their preference of social media as an effective way of reaching out to their followers with only 25% of them preferring knocking on the door, and 6% indicating that TV is a better way of gaining numbers. Similar to Poland, Facebook and twitter were the most popular social networks for a large number of religious followers. This was evidence by the frequency at which these churches updated their Facebook or twitter pages on a daily account (Armfield, & Holbert, 2003, p.129). In July 2012, during the 16 International Christian Internet Congress staged in Munich, the attending church representatives unanimously agreed there was need for Christian organizations to boost their internet connective and interaction through social media. The outcome of the Munich conference was later discussed by Christian leaders in Finland in their annual meeting. Although only 35% of Finnish Christians use Facebook and other social sites, churches had lost more forty thousand faithful in less than four months. This served as an indication of how

Male Intimacy Friendship Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Male Intimacy Friendship - Article Example Studies conducted recently have shown that men usually do not have same-sex friendships that are satisfying as the ones of the women. Michael McGill adds to this by saying that to say men possess no intimate friends appear too harsh on the surface, but the data indicate that it is almost the truth†¦their relationships with the other men are superficial even shallow. It has been noted that intimacy is absent in the connection of friendships found among men and they are dissatisfied with these types of friendships. This article explores the intimacy concept particularly among the adult male friendships by examining comradeship, which is a form of male friendship. Strikwerda further gives an account of both the nature and value of intimacy and the obstacles to it followed by a focus on the intimacy process. Male friendships are compared to the friendship of young children engaging in a parallel play. The individuals do not really interact but merely play at a side-by-side distance. This type of companionship is very enjoyable but lacks intimacy. This friendship is not impoverished, but the truth is that if more is invested in it then it will lead to hunger for something more.aring of given kinds of experiences examples being the ones during those of soldiers in trenches, teenage boy, and sailors on a voyage, and this type of friendship provides a mutual self-disclosure occasion among the males. A characteristic that is highlighted to play a vital role in comradeship is loyalty. The war situation depicts the comrades’ loyalty as being abstract and not personal terms. Gray is quoted to say that comrades become loyal to each other in a spontaneous manner, and with no need for the reasons. He further argues that the loyalty, however, is fragile because it is not connected necessarily to the feeling of one belonging and spontaneous liking.

Medieval Sourcebook: Bede: Conversion of England :: European History Essays

Medieval Sourcebook: Bede: Conversion of England The Arrival in Kent of the missionaries sent By Gregory the Great (597) In the year of our Lord 582, Maurice, the fifty-fourth emperor from Augustus, ascended the throne and reigned twenty-one years. In the tenth year of his reign, Gregory, a man renowned for learning and behavior, was promoted to the apostolic see of Rome,' and presided over it thirteen years, six months, and ten days. He, being moved by divine inspiration, about the one hundred and fiftieth year after the coming of the English into Britain, sent the servant of God, Augustine, and with him several other monks who feared the Lord, to preach the word of God to the English nation. . . . [Augustine, with his companions, arrived in Britain.]. The powerful Ethelbert was at that time king of Kent; he had extended his dominions as far as the great river Humber, by which the southern Saxons are divided from the northern. On the east of Kent is the large Isle of Thanet, containing, according to the English way of reckoning, six hundred families, and divided from the other land by the river Wantsum, which is about three furlongs across and fordable only in two places, for both ends of it run into the sea. In this island landed the servant of our Lord, Augustine, and his companions, being, as is reported, nearly forty men. They had, by order of the blessed Pope Gregory, brought interpreters of the nation of the Franks, and sending to Ethelbert, signified that they were come from Rome, and brought a joyful message, which most undoubtedly assured to all that took advantage of it everlasting joys in heaven, and a kingdom that would never end with the living and true God. The king, having heard this, ordered them to stay in that island where they had landed and that they should be furnished with all necessaries till he should consider what to do with them. For he had heard of the Christian religion, having a Christian wife, of the royal family of the Franks, called Bertha, whom he had received from her parents upon condition that she should be permitted to practice her religion with the bishop, Luidhard, who was sent with her to preserve the faith. Some days later the king came into the island and, sitting in the open air, ordered Augustine and his companions to be brought into his presence.

Analysis of Albert Ellis’s Life Experiences and Psychological Philosophies Essay

At the age of 12 his parents divorced (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). These two life-altering events were, in part, what led him to begin focusing his mind on understanding people (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). In junior high Albert Ellis dreamed of becoming a great novelist (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997) but by the time he reached college age, he decided it might be more practical to become an accountant instead. However, he planned to retire by the age of 30 so that he could then take up writing at his own leisure (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). Due in part to the Great Depression, his goals changed but he did go on to graduate college in 1934 with a degree in business (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). After graduation he and his brother became entrepreneurs and started their own business. They sold pants purchased from the garment district (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Sheehy 1997). In 1938 a gift and novelty firm employed him as their personal manager. Some of his controversial articles included The Influence of Heterosexual Cultures on the Attitudes of Homosexuals (1951) and Prostitution Re-assessed (1951) both of these articles were written for the International Journal of Sexology (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis’ writings were groundbreaking material that opened the door to the sexual revolution of the 1960s and the gay and lesbian rights movement in the 1970’s (Ellis 1992). These writings were controversial at that time and may have stigmatized or put a negative label on Albert Ellis. However, these writings as well as references from his friends was how he formed his client base (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Most of Albert Ellis’ early clients were individuals and couples suffering from sex, love and marital problems (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 1992, , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis also grew his private practice through publicity from his talks, workshops, radio, and television presentations which led to referrals from a number of psychologists with whom he had no personal relationship with (Ellis 1997). Besides maintaining a full-time private practice, Albert Ellis also found the time to become the first Chairman of the first Committee on Private Practice of the Division of Clinical Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Ellis 1997). During that time he conducted a study of the members of the American Psychological Association (Ellis 1997). This study showed that only 56% of the American Psychological Association members were engaged in some kind of paid private practice, and only 30% devoted 20 or more hours a week (Ellis 1997). Only a few individuals including Albert Ellis were in full-time private practices (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis also worked with Reverend Ilsley Boone on a New York District Federal Court to legally sell nudist magazines (Ellis 1997)_. _ They lost the New York District Federal court case and immediately start working on a brief for the United States Supreme Court and alternately reversed and New York district Federal Court decision (Ellis 1997). This was a major victory for nudists across the country (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis quickly became an â€Å"Idol† for many American nudists (Ellis 1997). Philosophical and Psychological Beliefs Albert Ellis experimented with various forms of psychotherapy keeping therapies that he believed work better than others and disregarded everything else. Albert Ellis began building his own therapeutic process and started questioning traditional Freudian psychoanalysis. In 1953 Albert Ellis started calling himself a â€Å"psychotherapist† instead of the traditional â€Å"psychoanalyst† label (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis thought that this change of title would separate him from the classical psychoanalytic practices (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis had a passion for reading early philosophy e. g. Epictetus and Spinoza (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1992). Albert Ellis also read famous works from the leading psychologist of his time e. g. Alfred Adler and Karen Horney (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). His study of philosophy and psychology also led him to become interested in understanding the philosophy of happiness. Albert Ellis came to the conclusion that if an individual’s basic needs were met, the individual would be happy. He found that basic needs were only part of the equation for personal happiness. Albert Ellis then focused on negative thoughts. Albert Ellis thought that if people had a rational philosophy of life they would rarely be emotionally disturbed (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 1997, 2004). Albert Ellis formulated a theory that psychological issues and emotional issues of the individual were causing the negative thoughts or what Albert Ellis called irrational beliefs (Ellis 1997, 2004). Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy Basics Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is a therapy in which individuals change their perceived believes about perceived negative events. Albert Ellis acquired several disabilities such as diabetes, tired eyes, deficient hearing, as well as other physical handicaps (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis used Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) to overcome his negative perceptions of his disabilities. † If you really accept it, and stop whining about it, you can turn some of its lemons into quite tasty lemonade† (Ellis 1997). Albert Ellis used rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), on himself, in 1943 soon after he became a practicing psychologist (Ellis 1997, 2004). Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) is an important and useful therapy still used today. First, an individual must be aware of their irrational thoughts or explain to the individual that the way they perceive an event is irrational. Then, the individual must replace the irrational thought with rational thought. Finally the individual believes in â€Å"unconditional self acceptance (USA)† (Ellis 1997, 2004). Unconditional self acceptance (USA) is when an individual learns to accept and love their self for who they are rather than what they do. The unconditional self acceptance (USA) is reached when the low frustration tolerance (LFT) is raised and ultimately achieves high frustration tolerance (HFT) (Ellis 1997, 2004). The ABC’s of REBT Albert Ellis believed emotional problems that an individual suffers from are the link to a set of irrational beliefs held about themselves, others, and the world they live in. These rational beliefs perpetuate negative self talk in the individual’s consciousness. The negative self talk puts emphasis on â€Å"shoulds†, â€Å"oughts†, and â€Å"musts† of irrational thinking. Rational emotive behavioral therapy attempts to replace these irrational beliefs with new rational thoughts. The process of helping the client change their irrational believes is a two step process. The first step is setting up or choosing for themselves certain happiness producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals; and effective, flexible, scientific, logico-empirical [sic] ways to achieve these values and goals and upload boarding contradictory or self defeating result (Ellis 1997, 2004). Rational beliefs or irrational beliefs shape who we are how we act. Albert Ellis created an ABC model to help both the client and the therapist engage and treat unrealistic, immature, and absolutist modes of thinking into realistic, mature, logical, and a realistic approach to thinking (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). The â€Å"A† in the ABC model refers to the â€Å"activating an event†. Activating events are events that trigger or cause our beliefs and perception. The Activating event could be a real situation that the individual had experience are could be inferred event were individual their own meeting contrary to what the situation was (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 2004). In Either case the activating event is negative stimuli cause by an event or situation triggers any irrational belief (Ellis 2004). The â€Å"B† in the ABC model is beliefs that shape an individual emotions and behaviors (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). In other word, an individual who experiences an activating event then forms a belief based upon that activating event affecting their decision-making about their consequences and/or reaction to other stimuli (Ellis 2004). These Beliefs can either be you’re rational or rational (Ellis 2004). The â€Å"C† in the ABC model stands for the consequences of the irrational beliefs (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). There are emotional and behavioral consequences, either positive or negative, to a set of beliefs about the activating event (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Individuals that suffer from irrational beliefs about a given situation will likely suffer from unhealthy negative emotions (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Unhealthy negative emotions are extreme emotions that can manifest themselves in a variety of forms e. g. guilt, anxiety, andor depression (Ellis 2004). The extreme negative feelings are so intense that the individual afflicted with these emotions often cannot function normally (DiGiuseppe 1989 , Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis does not believe that one should live a life free of negative emotions (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis believed that healthy negative emotions were emotions that were relatively â€Å"low in intensity† (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis believed that the healthy negative emotions experienced in a mentally healthy individual can modify behavior for the betterment of the individuals’ life (DiGiuseppe 1989, Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis later added the (D), (E), and (F) to his ABC’s ofRational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (Ellis 2004). The â€Å"D† is disputing the irrational beliefs that the individual possesses about the activating event (Ellis 2004). The â€Å"E† or effect the person feels is only achieved when the individual or client successfully disputes the irrational belief and replaces the irrational belief with a rational belief (Ellis 2004). This will ultimately lead to a new effect in the persons behavior. The effect will then lead the individual to a healthier and happier way of feeling â€Å"F† (Ellis 2004). The application of the rational emotive behavioral therapy’s ABC model allows people to visualize how their reactions to events are formed (Ellis 2004). Once an individual visualizes how irrational beliefs are formed and changes their behavior negatively therapy will, more than likely, be successful. The 4 steps of applying the ABC model Rational emotive behavioral therapy is an approach that makes the client participates in an active role in the therapy process. There are four steps in applying the ABC model. As the client Progresses through the four steps will work through an individual’s irrational beliefs and use certain skills to combat any irrational beliefs that may arise after private counseling has ended (Ellis 2004). Step one is to reveal the individuals or clients irrational beliefs in their current mode of thinking (Ellis 2004). In many cases the individuals of clients have had these irrational beliefs for so long that they cannot distinguish their irrational beliefs from normal rational beliefs (Ellis 2004). Also when the individual or the client has family and friends reinforcing their irrational beliefs, even though the irrational beliefs may not fall into societal norms, only reinforces the idea that their irrational beliefs are rational or normal (Ellis 2004). The first step, basically, outlines the treatment plan and formulates a plan of action to dispute the irrational beliefs. Clients must be aware of their irrational and rational beliefs and distinguish the differences between the two different beliefs. In step two the client or individual expands their understanding of what is irrational and what is rational (Ellis 2004). This step is similar to step one, but step two the therapy is more in-depth and intense. In step two the client or individual must be made aware of their irrational beliefs and how the individuals’ irrational beliefs are perpetuating their own turmoil (Ellis 2004). If the client or individual continues to think unreasonable or irrational, they will repeat their irrational behavior and have continued unpleasant feeling that interrupt their normal way of life (Ellis 2004). In showing the individual or client the pattern of their irrational beliefs and the consequences their irrational beliefs impose on them is detrimental to the success of their treatment (Ellis 2004). Only when the client can distinguish the difference between rational beliefs and irrational beliefs, can realize that the negative problems they are having are in direct correlation with their irrational beliefs, and can see the pattern they follow when irrational beliefs are present (Ellis 2004). Step three begins once the previous objectives have been met. In step three the individual or client will learn how to stop illogical or irrational beliefs and change the irrational and negative pattern into a new logical and rational mode of thinking and behaving (Ellis 2004). This is achieved when the individual ceases the negative self talk and stop the irrational beliefs from affecting their mode of thinking (Ellis 2004). Many individuals have their irrational beliefs so embedded in their mode of behaving and their mode thinking that the individual may not even be aware that their irrational beliefs are irrational (Ellis 2004). The client with help from their therapist will attempt to identify the irrational beliefs from the rational beliefs (Ellis 2004). In the fourth and final step the client has identified their irrational beliefs (Ellis 2004). The client along with the help of the therapist, work to modify the clients negative way of thinking and identify and change the clients irrational beliefs into rational modes of thinking (Ellis 2004). The therapist works with the client until a new set of rational beliefs are fashioned (Ellis 2004). Once the irrational belief system is replaced by a more rational and logical belief system the client will notice negative feelings and negative behaviors change into a more positive feelings and positive behaviors (Ellis 2004). The rational emotive behavioral theapry techniques used by the therapist to dispute irrational beliefs can vary from client to client depending on the type of the client and modes of irrational thinking REBT Techniques Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy is a multimodal form of therapy (Ellis 2004). Some of the different techniques used in Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy include â€Å"Disputing the client’s irrational beliefs†, â€Å"changing the language of the client†, and emotive techniques like â€Å"role playing† and â€Å"rational emotive inventory† (Ellis 2004). These different techniques can be used to modify several types or irrational behaviors caused by irrational beliefs e. g. anxiety, depression, anger, and addictions (Ellis 2004). These techniques show the client how to refute their irrational beliefs in a precise and rapid method. Disputing the client’s irrational beliefs technique is a technique that makes the client challenge their beliefs and modes of thinking (Ellis 2004). In this technique the therapist presents a series of questions such as: Why do you assume this? or Why must it be this way? When the client answers these questions the client start to realize that the way they are thinking is irrational (Ellis 2004). The language of the client technique disputes â€Å"the shoulds† and â€Å"the oughts† in the client’s way of thinking (Ellis 2004). In most cases the language used by the client forms their irrational way of thinking (Ellis 2004). By changing â€Å"the shoulds† and â€Å"the oughts† into wishes, wants, and desires may change the client’s irrational beliefs (Ellis 2004). Example of Self-Application of REBT The techniques outlined by Albert Ellis shows how simplistic but meaningful Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) can be (Ellis 2004). Take for example when Albert Ellis gets impatient or angry about his various limitations (Ellis 2004). Albert Ellis says to himself: â€Å"Too damn bad! I really do not like taking all this time and effort to deal with my impairments and wish to hell that I didn’t have to do so. But alas, I do. It is hard doing so many things to keep myself in a relatively healthy condition, but it is much harder in the long run and much more painful and deadly, if I do not keep doing this. There is no reason whatsoever why I absolutely must have it easier than I do. Yes it is unfair for me to be more afflicted than many other people are. But, damn it, I should be just as afflicted as I am! Unfairness should exist in the world—to me, and to whomever else it does exist—because it does exist! Too bad that it does—but it does! † sic Albert Ellis lived a full and rich life filled with controversy and an outspoken attitude. Albert Ellis fought for gay and lesbian rights and the right to send uncensored or â€Å"obscene† mail through the Federal mail system. Albert Ellis was also one of the first individuals start their own private practice as a psychologist.

About World War II Japanese Soldier Lt. Hiroo Onoda

In 1944, Lt. Hiroo Onoda was sent by the Japanese army to the remote Philippine island of Lubang. His mission was to conduct guerrilla warfare during World War II. Unfortunately, he was never officially told the war had ended; so for 29 years, Onoda continued to live in the jungle, ready for when his country would again need his services and information. Eating coconuts and bananas and deftly evading searching parties he believed were enemy scouts, Onoda hid in the jungle until he finally emerged from the dark recesses of the island on March 19, 1972. Called to Duty Hiroo Onoda was 20 years-old when he was called up to join the army. At the time, he was far from home working at a branch of the Tajima Yoko trading company in Hankow (now Wuhan), China. After passing his physical, Onoda quit his job and returned to his home in Wakayama, Japan in August of 1942 to get into top physical condition. In the Japanese army, Onoda was trained as an officer and was then chosen to be trained at an Imperial Army intelligence school. At this school, Onoda was taught how to gather intelligence and how to conduct guerrilla warfare. In the Philippines On December 17, 1944, Lt. Hiroo Onoda left for the Philippines to join the Sugi Brigade (the Eighth Division fromHirosaki). Here, Onoda was given orders by Major Yoshimi Taniguchi and Major Takahashi. Onoda was ordered to lead the Lubang Garrison in guerrilla warfare. As Onoda and his comrades were getting ready to leave on their separate missions, they stopped by to report to the division commander. The division commander ordered: You are absolutely forbidden to die by your own hand. It may take three years, it may take five, but whatever happens, well come back for you. Until then, so long as you have one soldier, you are to continue to lead him. You may have to live on coconuts. If thats the case, live on coconuts! Under no circumstances are you [to] give up your life voluntarily. 1 Onoda took these words more literally and seriously than the division commander could ever have meant them. On the Island of Lubang Once on the island of Lubang, Onoda was supposed to blow up the pier at the harbor and destroy the Lubang airfield. Unfortunately, the garrison commanders, who were worried about other matters, decided not to help Onoda on his mission and soon the island was overrun by the Allies. The remaining Japanese soldiers, Onoda included, retreated into the inner regions of the island and split up into groups. As these groups dwindled in size after several attacks, the remaining soldiers split into cells of three and four people. There were four people in Onodas cell: Corporal Shoichi Shimada (age 30), Private Kinshichi Kozuka (age 24), Private Yuichi Akatsu (age 22), and Lt. Hiroo Onoda (age 23). They lived very close together, with only a few supplies: the clothes they were wearing, a small amount of rice, and each had a gun with limited ammunition. Rationing the rice was difficult and caused fights, but they supplemented it with coconuts and bananas. Every once in a while, they were able to kill a civilians cow for food. The cells would save up their energy and use guerrilla tactics to fight in skirmishes. Other cells were captured or were killed while Onodas continued to fight from the interior. The War Is Over...Come Out Onoda first saw a leaflet that claimed the war was over in October 1945. When another cell had killed a cow, they found a leaflet left behind by the islanders which read: The war ended on August 15. Come down from the mountains!2 But as they sat in the jungle, the leaflet just didnt seem to make sense, for another cell had just been fired upon a few days ago. If the war were over, why would they still be under attack? No, they decided, the leaflet must be a clever ruse by the Allied propagandists. Again, the outside world tried to contact the survivors living on the island by dropping leaflets out of a Boeing B-17 near the end of 1945. Printed on these leaflets was the surrender order from General Yamashita of the Fourteenth Area Army. Having already hidden on the island for a year and with the only proof of the end of the war being this leaflet, Onoda and the others scrutinized every letter and every word on this piece of paper. One sentence in particular seemed suspicious, it said that those who surrendered would receive hygienic succor and be hauled to Japan. Again, they believed this must be an Allied hoax. Leaflet after leaflet was dropped. Newspapers were left. Photographs and letters from relatives were dropped. Friends and relatives spoke out over loudspeakers. There was always something suspicious, so they never believed that the war had really ended. Over the Years Year after year, the four men huddled together in the rain, searched for food, and sometimes attacked villagers. They fired on the villagers because, We considered people dressed as islanders to be enemy troops in disguise or enemy spies. The proof that they were was that whenever we fired on one of them, a search party arrived shortly afterward.  It had become a cycle of disbelief. Isolated from the rest of the world, everyone appeared to be the enemy. In 1949, Akatsu wanted to surrender. He didnt tell any of the others; he just walked away. In September 1949 he successfully got away from the others and after six months on his own in the jungle, Akatsu surrendered. To Onodas cell, this seemed like a security leak and they became even more careful of their position. In June 1953, Shimada was wounded during a skirmish. Though his leg wound slowly got better (without any medicines or bandages), he became gloomy. On May 7, 1954, Shimada was killed in a skirmish on the beach at Gontin. For nearly 20 years after Shimads death, Kozuka and Onoda continued to live in the jungle together, awaiting the time when they would again be needed by the Japanese Army. Per the division commanders instructions, they believed it was their job to remain behind enemy lines, reconnoiter and gather intelligence to be able to train Japanese troops in guerrilla warfare in order to regain the Philippine islands. Surrendering at Last In October 1972, at the age of 51 and after 27 years of hiding, Kozuka was killed during a clash with a Filipino patrol. Though Onoda had been officially declared dead in December 1959, Kozukas body proved the likelihood that Onoda was still living. Search parties were sent out to find Onoda, but none succeeded. Onoda was now on his own. Remembering the division commanders order, he could not kill himself yet he no longer had a single soldier to command. Onoda continued to hide. In 1974, a college dropout named Norio Suzuki decided to travel to the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, Nepal, and perhaps a few other countries on his way. He told his friends that he was going to search for Lt. Onoda, a panda, and the Abominable Snowman.  Where so many others had failed, Suzuki succeeded. He found Lt. Onoda and tried to convince him that the war was over. Onoda explained that he would only surrender if his commander ordered him to do so. Suzuki traveled back to Japan and found Onodas former commander, Major Taniguchi, who had become a bookseller. On March 9, 1974, Suzuki and Taniguchi met Onoda at a pre-appointed place and Major Taniguchi read the orders that stated all combat activity was to be ceased. Onoda was shocked and, at first, disbelieving. It took some time for the news to sink in. We really lost the war! How could they have been so sloppy? Suddenly everything went black. A storm raged inside me. I felt like a fool for having been so tense and cautious on the way here. Worse than that, what had I been doing for all these years? Gradually the storm subsided, and for the first time I really understood: my thirty years as a guerrilla fighter for the Japanese army were abruptly finished. This was the end. I pulled back the bolt on my rifle and unloaded the bullets. . . . I eased off the pack that I always carried with me and laid the gun on top of it. Would I really have no more use for this rifle that I had polished and cared for like a baby all these years? Or Kozukas rifle, which I had hidden in a crevice in the rocks? Had the war really ended thirty years ago? If it had, what had Shimada and Kozuka died for? If what was happening was true, wouldnt it have been better if I had died with them? During the 30 years that Onoda had remain hidden on Lubang island, he and his men had killed at least 30 Filipinos and had wounded approximately 100 others. After formally surrendering to Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, Marcos pardoned Onoda for his crimes while in hiding. When Onoda reached Japan, he was hailed a hero. Life in Japan was much different than when he had left it in 1944. Onoda bought a ranch and moved to Brazil but in 1984 he and his new wife moved back to Japan and founded a nature camp for kids. In May 1996, Onoda returned to the Philippines to see once again the island on which he had hidden for 30 years. On Thursday, January 16, 2014, Hiroo Onoda died at age 91. Resources and Further Reading Hiroo Onoda,No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War (New York: Kodansha International Ltd., 1974) 44.Onoda,No Surrender;75. 3. Onoda,No Surrender94. 4. Onoda,No Surrender7. 5. Onoda,No Surrender14-15.Hiroo Worship.  Time  25 March 1974: 42-43.Old Soldiers Never Die.  Newsweek  25 March 1974: 51-52.Onoda, Hiroo.  No Surrender: My Thirty-Year War. Trans. Charles S. Terry. New York: Kodansha International Ltd., 1974.Where It Is Still 1945.  Newsweek  6 Nov. 1972: 58.